Sequence Alignment from Scratch with BWA
Table of Contents
The burrow wheeler algorithm is used to perform short read alignment, a cornerstone process in bioinformatics, especially next-generation sequencing. Short sequence alignment or mapping is one of the primary steps in re-sequencing projects where short reads from a fragmented genome are aligned back to a reference genome. We can use this aligned data to discover small or structural variations in clinical or population projects.
1. Intro
Try it out yourself at this notebook.
Living organisms have long strings of DNA in their cells and are made out of 4 bases A, T, C, G. The order that makes up the long stretches of DNA determines the characteristics of the cell. In the case of the human genome, the order of 3.25 billion of these bases decides the makeup of our cells.
Over the last few decades, we have had technologies that can reveal this order of bases called sequencing. However, the majority of these sequencing technologies can only sequence around 100 bases which are not very long. However, the strength of these sequencing methods lies in their massive capacity to perform this sequencing operation millions of times in parallel. To get a more comprehensive view, we need to put these millions of small 100-base long sequences back together. It’s a wide puzzle with small and many pieces.
We have sequenced genomes lots of organisms and now have picture for the puzzle that we can use as reference. However, not every individual and their genome is the same so when we are doing resequencing pieces come from a different picture. Having pieces from another picture makes solving the puzzle bit more challenging. We don’t know what is different in these pieces and we need to account for that unknown when putting the pieces together.
Burrows-Wheeler Transform makes it possible to put these pieces to their place despite their variation. Our end goals is to identify these differences (variation) which makes that organism unique. There are few approaches but in this tutorial we are gonna use FM-index which is used by Burrows-Wheeler Aligner. There are lots of terminology here so lets explain while showing.
2. Implementation
2.1. What is Burrows Wheeler Transform
Burrows-wheeler algorithm relies on burrows wheeler transform. This transform is performed once on the reference sequence before the alignment.
- Burrows-Wheeler Transform(BWT) is performed by first getting the all the possible rotations (or circular shifts) of the sequence. Lets say we have example reference sequence string
OMICSSBS. We can get the possible rotations with string splicing below.
We loop over the length of the string and for every loop we add slices of the string from start and end as the index increments we get the shifting effect.
from pprint import pprint example_seq = "OMICSSBS$" sequence_rotations = [] for index in range(len(example_seq)): sequence_rotations.append(example_seq[index:] + example_seq[:index]) pprint(sequence_rotations)
['OMICSSBS$', 'MICSSBS$O', 'ICSSBS$OM', 'CSSBS$OMI', 'SSBS$OMIC', 'SBS$OMICS', 'BS$OMICSS', 'S$OMICSSB', '$OMICSSBS']
- Then we sort rotations by a property we desire. In this case we are going to sort them alphabetically (or lexicographically if you’re fancy).
sorted_sequence_rotations = sorted(sequence_rotations) pprint(sorted_sequence_rotations)
['$OMICSSBS', 'BS$OMICSS', 'CSSBS$OMI', 'ICSSBS$OM', 'MICSSBS$O', 'OMICSSBS$', 'S$OMICSSB', 'SBS$OMICS', 'SSBS$OMIC']
- We get the last column of this sorted rotation.
for sequence in sorted_sequence_rotations: pprint(sequence[-1])
'S' 'S' 'I' 'M' 'O' '$' 'B' 'S' 'C'
And that’s it. We done the BWT. To utilize this let’s move to next step creating the FM-index.
2.2. What is FM-index
To utilize BWT we need to keep a bit more information. This information is the initial order of the sequences before sorting. Here we use the itemgetter to sort the enumerated rotations by the sequences themselves.
from operator import itemgetter initial_indices, sorted_sequence_rotations = zip(*sorted(enumerate(sequence_rotations), key=itemgetter(1))) for index, sequence in zip(initial_indices, sorted_sequence_rotations): print(f"Initial index: {index} of the: {sequence[-1]}")
Initial index: 8 of the: S Initial index: 6 of the: S Initial index: 3 of the: I Initial index: 2 of the: M Initial index: 1 of the: O Initial index: 0 of the: $ Initial index: 7 of the: B Initial index: 5 of the: S Initial index: 4 of the: C
Suffix array is the sequences that are up character $ which is used by bowtie.
for index, sequence in zip(initial_indices, sorted_sequence_rotations): print(f"Initial index: {index} of the sequence: {sequence.split('$')[0]}")
Initial index: 8 of the sequence: Initial index: 6 of the sequence: BS Initial index: 3 of the sequence: CSSBS Initial index: 2 of the sequence: ICSSBS Initial index: 1 of the sequence: MICSSBS Initial index: 0 of the sequence: OMICSSBS Initial index: 7 of the sequence: S Initial index: 5 of the sequence: SBS Initial index: 4 of the sequence: SSBS
We can keep the last column in a sequence.
last_column = "" for sequence in sorted_sequence_rotations: last_column += sequence[-1] print(last_column)
SSIMO$BSC
This transformation is reversible and we can get our original sequence back by back tracking the characters in the sequence.
To make this back tracking work we need a function that maps the character in last back to first.
This is possible because index of an occurrence of a character in the first column will be the same in the last column.
e.g. We have three S characters in our string OMICSSBS where the first occurrence of the string S in last column is the same S in the first column.
We can keep track of the occurrences of S like below.
You can watch the index beside the S characters and confirm they’re the same by the whole sequence besides them.
occurrence_of_s_in_first_column = 0 occurrence_of_s_in_last_column = 0 for index, sequence in zip(initial_indices, sorted_sequence_rotations): if sequence[0] == 'S' and sequence[-1] == 'S': print(f"{index=} sequence: {sequence} first: {sequence[0]} {occurrence_of_s_in_first_column} last: {sequence[-1]} {occurrence_of_s_in_last_column}") occurrence_of_s_in_first_column += 1 occurrence_of_s_in_last_column += 1 elif sequence[0] == 'S': print(f"{index=} sequence: {sequence} first: {sequence[0]} {occurrence_of_s_in_first_column} last: {sequence[-1]} 0") occurrence_of_s_in_first_column += 1 elif sequence[-1] == 'S': print(f"{index=} sequence: {sequence} first: {sequence[0]} 0 last: {sequence[-1]} {occurrence_of_s_in_last_column}") occurrence_of_s_in_last_column += 1 else: print(f"{index=} sequence: {sequence} first: {sequence[0]} 0 last: {sequence[-1]} 0")
index=8 sequence: $OMICSSBS first: $ 0 last: S 0 index=6 sequence: BS$OMICSS first: B 0 last: S 1 index=3 sequence: CSSBS$OMI first: C 0 last: I 0 index=2 sequence: ICSSBS$OM first: I 0 last: M 0 index=1 sequence: MICSSBS$O first: M 0 last: O 0 index=0 sequence: OMICSSBS$ first: O 0 last: $ 0 index=7 sequence: S$OMICSSB first: S 0 last: B 0 index=5 sequence: SBS$OMICS first: S 1 last: S 2 index=4 sequence: SSBS$OMIC first: S 2 last: C 0
Instead of counting them characters one by one like above lets count all the characters and keep it in a lookup index using the last column.
The totals is how many times we see a character in total and tallymatrix is how many we saw up to a given point.
totals = {k: 0 for k in "".join(set(last_column))} tallymatrix = {k: [] for k in "".join(set(last_column))} for c in last_column: totals[c] += 1 for k in tallymatrix.keys(): if k != c and tallymatrix[k]: tallymatrix[k].append(tallymatrix[k][-1]) elif k == c: tallymatrix[k].append(totals[c]) else: tallymatrix[k].append(0) print(totals) print(tallymatrix)
{'O': 1, 'S': 3, 'M': 1, 'C': 1, 'B': 1, '$': 1, 'I': 1}
{'O': [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], 'S': [1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3], 'M': [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], 'C': [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1], 'B': [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1], '$': [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1], 'I': [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]}
Using this we can rebuild a index of where we start and stop seeing the characters in the first column.
first = {} totc = 0 for c, count in sorted(totals.items()): first[c] = (totc, totc + count) totc += count print(first)
{'$': (0, 1), 'B': (1, 2), 'C': (2, 3), 'I': (3, 4), 'M': (4, 5), 'O': (5, 6), 'S': (6, 9)}
This simplified representation of the first column and BWT is the FM-index
2.3. Last to First Mapping
Using the we can map a given character with an index i back to first column.
e.g S with second occurrence should map to row with initial index 4 witch is the 8th row.
print(first["S"][0] + tallymatrix["S"][2])
8
We can than reverse our transformation to build back our initial sequence. We remove one from the counts so we can use it as an index.
i = 0 t = "$" while last_column[i] != "$": c = last_column[i] t = c + t i = first[c][0] + tallymatrix[c][i] - 1 print(t)
OMICSSBS$
To get a better grasp of whats happening lets track the index jumps too.
i = 0 t = "$" j = 0 print(f"loop\tloopindex\tindex\tinitial_ind\tfirst_column\tlast_column\tc\tt\n") while last_column[i] != "$": c = last_column[i] t = c + t i = first[c][0] + tallymatrix[c][i] - 1 j += 1 print(f"END{j:13} {i:8} {initial_indices[j]:8}{' '*14}{[seq[0] for seq in sorted_sequence_rotations][j]:12} {[seq[-1] for seq in sorted_sequence_rotations][j]:14} {c:3} {t}")
loop loopindex index initial_ind first_column last_column c t END 1 6 6 B S S S$ END 2 1 3 C I B BS$ END 3 7 2 I M S SBS$ END 4 8 1 M O S SSBS$ END 5 2 0 O $ C CSSBS$ END 6 3 7 S B I ICSSBS$ END 7 4 5 S S M MICSSBS$ END 8 5 4 S C O OMICSSBS$
Here we are building up the initial sequence backwards.
Observe below the “index”, “last_column” and “c” columns.
We initiate the index=0 which points us to character S in the last column, this S in turn with its index=6 points to preceding character B.
2.4. Building a class
Keeping track of the intermediately data and passing them through functions can become confusing to keep all this in one place lets put them in a class.
Classes are a way of bundling data and functionality in python.
Our class aptly named BWA takes a reference sequence and creates the BWT and FM-index when initialized.
from operator import itemgetter class BWA: def __init__(self, ref): """TODO: to be defined1.""" self.ref = ref + "$" @property def last(self): ''' Get all the rotations of given sequence, sort them alphabetically and return the last character from each rotation ''' sa = [self.ref[i:] + self.ref[:i] for i in range(len(self.ref))] return "".join(i[-1] for i in sorted(sa)) @property def occ(self): ''' Get the occurrences and total counts for each character in bwt ''' totals = {} tallymatrix = {k: [] for k in "".join(set(self.last))} for c in self.last: if c not in totals: totals[c] = 0 totals[c] += 1 for k in tallymatrix.keys(): if k != c and tallymatrix[k]: tallymatrix[k].append(tallymatrix[k][-1]) elif k == c: tallymatrix[k].append(totals[c]) else: tallymatrix[k].append(0) return tallymatrix, totals @property def first(self): ''' Get the lexicographical order of the characters ''' first = {} totc = 0 for c, count in sorted(self.occ[1].items()): first[c] = totc totc += count return first def lf(self, c, i): """ The i-th occurrence of character ‘c’ in last is the same text character as the i-th occurrence of ‘c’ in the first """ return self.first[c] + self.occ[0][c][i] - 1 @property def rebwt(self): ''' rebuild the original sequence ''' i = 0 t = "$" while self.last[i] != "$": c = self.last[i] t = c + t i = self.lf(c, i) return t[:-1]
We can initialize our function with our reference and access the BWT and FM-index as its properties.
example_seq = "OMICSSBS" bwa = BWA(example_seq) print(f"{bwa.last=}") print(f"{bwa.first=}") print(f"{bwa.occ=}") print(f"{bwa.rebwt=}")
bwa.last=('SSIMO$BSC', (8, 6, 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 5, 4), ('$OMICSSBS', 'BS$OMICSS', 'CSSBS$OMI', 'ICSSBS$OM', 'MICSSBS$O', 'OMICSSBS$', 'S$OMICSSB', 'SBS$OMICS', 'SSBS$OMIC'))
bwa.first={'$': (0, 0), 'B': (1, 1), 'C': (2, 2), 'I': (3, 3), 'M': (4, 4), 'O': (5, 5), 'S': (6, 8)}
bwa.occ=({'O': [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], 'S': [1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3], 'M': [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], 'C': [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1], 'B': [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1], '$': [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1], 'I': [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]}, {'S': 3, 'I': 1, 'M': 1, 'O': 1, '$': 1, 'B': 1, 'C': 1})
bwa.rebwt='OMICSSBS'
2.5. Mapping
2.5.1. Exact Matching
We want to align the small sequences back to references.
If we have a read sequence with no variations.
We can do a backward search to match a substring.
We start by getting the minimum and maximum indices of the last character.
Than we map these using our lf function in a loop.
low, high = self.last[0].find(read[-1]), self.last[0].rfind(read[-1]) i = len(read) - 1 while low <= high and i >= 0: low = self.lf(read[i], low) high = self.lf(read[i], high) i -= 1 return low, high
Let’s add this to our class too.
from operator import itemgetter class BWA: . . . def exact_match(self, read): low, high = self.last[0].find(read[-1]), self.last[0].rfind(read[-1]) i = len(read) - 1 while low <= high and i >= 0: low = self.lf(read[i], low) high = self.lf(read[i], high) i -= 1 return low, high
read = "OMI" bwa = BWA(example_seq) low, high = bwa.exact_match(read) initial_ind = bwa.last[1][low] print(low, high) print(initial_ind) print(example_seq[initial_ind:initial_ind + len(read)])
5 5 0 OMI
2.5.2. Inexact Matching
Most crucial part is of course matching the reads with variations. Backtracking algorithm described by (Li and Durbin 2009) accounts for insertions, deletions and mismatches.
Inexact search calls the function calculate_diff initially which calculates the lower bound of differences for each character in the read string.
Then we call the inexact_match which in turns calls itself recursively.
This function has two stop conditions either we reach the end of the string or we run out of allowed differences.
class BWA: . . . def inexact_search(self, read, z): self.calculate_diff(read) return self.inexact_match(read, len(read) - 1, z, 1, len(self.last[0]) - 1) def calculate_diff(self, read): ''' Estimate the lower bound of allowed z for every character. ''' low = 1 high = len(self.last[0]) - 1 diffs = [] z = 0 for c in read: low = self.lf(c, low - 1) + 1 high = self.lf(c, high) if low > high: low = 1 high = len(self.last[0]) - 1 z += 1 diffs.append(z) self.diffs = diffs def inexact_match(self, read, i, z, low, high): ''' This function has two stop condition. Either we run out of the allowed differences or we find a match. ''' if z < self.diffs[i]: return [] if i < 0: return [[low,high]] matches = [] matches.extend(self.inexact_match(read, i - 1, z - 1, low, high)) # Insertion for c in set(self.last[0]): low_ = self.lf(c, low - 1) + 1 high_ = self.lf(c, high) if low <= high: matches.extend(self.inexact_match(read, i, z - 1, low_, high_)) # Deletion if c == read[i]: matches.extend(self.inexact_match(read, i - 1, z, low_, high_)) # Match else: matches.extend(self.inexact_match(read, i - 1, z - 1, low_, high_)) # Mismatch return matches
example_seq="OMICSSBS" bwa = BWA(example_seq) read = "OMC" matches = bwa.inexact_search(read, 2) print( matches) for match in matches: low, high = match initial_ind = bwa.last[1][low] print(example_seq[initial_ind:initial_ind + len(read)])
Hİ 6 [[5, 5], [5, 4], [4, 3], [5, 5], [5, 4], [5, 5]] OMI OMI MIC OMI OMI OMI
Visualizing the recursion
We can use some help to better visualize the recursion. Lets yank this snippet: https://github.com/arpitbbhayani/recviz/blob/master/src/recviz/rec.py and use a decorator.
class BWA: . . . @recviz def inexact_match(self, read, i, z, low, high): . . .
example_seq="OMICSSBS" bwa = BWA(example_seq) read = "OMC" matches = bwa.inexact_search(read, 2) print( matches) for match in matches: low, high = match initial_ind = bwa.last[1][low] print(example_seq[initial_ind:initial_ind + len(read)])
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 2, 1, 8)
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 1, 8, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 8, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 8, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 3, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 7, 8, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 7, 8, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 5, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 2, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 3, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 3, 3, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 3, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 0, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 0, 0, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, 0, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 2, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 9, 6, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 9, 6, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 6, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 6, 4, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 3, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 7, 8, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 7, 8, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 7, 8, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 8, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 8, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 6, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 6, 5, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 2, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 4, 4, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 4, 4, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 0, -1, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 8, 7, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 5, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 5, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 6, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 6, 5, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 1, 5, 5, 'match')
<- [[5, 5, 'match']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- [[5, 5, 'match']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 5, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 5, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 6, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 6, 5, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 2, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 2, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 2, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 3, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 1, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 3, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 2, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 7, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 7, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
<- [[5, 5, 'match']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 1, 3, 3, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 3, 3, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 4, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 2, 1, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 3, 3, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 3, 3, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 3, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 4, 4, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 4, 4, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 0, -1, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 8, 7, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 5, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 5, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 6, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 6, 5, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 1, 5, 5, 'match')
<- [[5, 5, 'match']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- [[5, 5, 'match']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- [[5, 5, 'match']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 1, 0, 0, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 0, 0, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 4, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 2, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 1, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 9, 6, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 9, 6, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 5, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 6, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 6, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 3, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 3, 1, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 3, 1, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 2, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 2, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 0, 0, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 0, 0, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, 0, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 2, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 9, 6, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 9, 6, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 6, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 6, 4, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 3, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 4, 2, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 2, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, -1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, -1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 9, 6, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 9, 6, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 9, 6, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 5, 3, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 3, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 6, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 6, 4, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 6, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 3, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 3, 1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 2, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 0, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 1, 7, 8, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 7, 8, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 8, 8, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 8, 8, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 6, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 6, 5, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 2, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 2, 2, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 2, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 2, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 3, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 3, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 3, 3, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 3, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 4, 3, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 4, 3, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 7, 8, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 7, 8, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 7, 8, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 8, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 8, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 6, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 6, 5, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 2, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 8, 8, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 8, 8, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 8, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 9, 8, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 9, 8, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 6, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 6, 5, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 2, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 5, 4, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 6, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 6, 5, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 6, 5, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 2, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 2, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 2, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 3, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 1, 4, 4, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 4, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 5, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 5, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 2, 1, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 4, 4, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 4, 4, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 4, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 5, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 5, 4, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 5, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 5, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 6, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 6, 5, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 1, 5, 5, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 5, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 0, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 0, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 6, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 6, 5, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 2, 1, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 5, 5, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 5, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 5, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 6, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 6, 5, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 0, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 0, 0, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, 0, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 2, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 9, 6, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 9, 6, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 6, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 6, 4, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 3, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 5, 4, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 6, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 6, 5, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 6, 5, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 1, 2, 2, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 2, 2, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 3, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 3, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 2, 1, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 2, 2, 2, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 2, 2, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 2, 2, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 3, 3, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 3, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 3, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 0, -1, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 8, 7, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 1, 5, 4, 'match')
<- [[5, 4, 'match']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- [[5, 4, 'match']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 3, 3, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 3, 3, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 3, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 4, 4, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 4, 4, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 0, -1, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 8, 7, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 5, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 5, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 6, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 6, 5, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 1, 5, 5, 'match')
<- [[5, 5, 'match']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- [[5, 5, 'match']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- [[5, 5, 'match']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 3, 3, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 3, 3, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 0, -1, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 8, 7, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 4, 4, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 4, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 5, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 4, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 1, 5, 4, 'match')
<- [[5, 4, 'match']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- [[5, 4, 'match']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 0, -1, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 0, -1, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 0, -1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 8, 7, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 8, 7, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 7, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 8, 7, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 8, 7, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 4, 3, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 4, 3, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 2, 4, 3, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 1, 4, 3, 'ins')
<- [[4, 3, 'ins']]
<- [[4, 3, 'ins']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 5, 4, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 4, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 2, 1, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 1, 0, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 0, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 1, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- [[5, 4, 'match'], [5, 5, 'match'], [5, 4, 'match'], [4, 3, 'ins']]
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 1, 1, 1, 'del')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 1, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 3, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 3, 2, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 7, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 7, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 2, 1, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 2, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 1, 1, 1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 1, 'ins')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 1, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 3, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 2, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 7, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 7, 7, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 5, 4, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 3, 2, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 3, 2, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 3, 2, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 0, -1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 0, -1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 0, -1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 7, 7, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 7, 7, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 7, 7, 'ins')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 4, 3, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 8, 8, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 8, 8, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 6, 5, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 6, 5, 'match')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, -1, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 4, 3, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 1, 4, 3, 'match')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, 0, 4, 3, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 5, 4, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 5, 4, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 5, 4, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 2, 1, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 2, 1, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 2, 1, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 1, 0, 1, 0, 'del')
<- []
-> inexact_match('OMC', 0, 0, 1, 0, 'missmatch')
-> inexact_match('OMC', -1, -1, 1, 0, 'ins')
<- []
<- []
<- []
<- [[5, 5, 'match'], [5, 5, 'match'], [5, 4, 'match'], [5, 5, 'match'], [5, 4, 'match'], [4, 3, 'ins']]
[[5, 5, 'match'], [5, 5, 'match'], [5, 4, 'match'], [5, 5, 'match'], [5, 4, 'match'], [4, 3, 'ins']]
OMI match
OMI match
OMI match
OMI match
OMI match
MIC ins
2.6. Putting it all together
from operator import itemgetter class BWA: def __init__(self, ref): """todo: to be defined1.""" self.ref = ref + "$" @property def last(self): sa = [self.ref[i:] + self.ref[:i] for i in range(len(self.ref))] idx, sa = zip(*sorted(enumerate(sa), key=itemgetter(1))) return "".join(i[-1] for i in sa), idx, sa @property def occ(self): ''' get the occurrences and total counts for each character in bwt ''' totals = {} tallymatrix = {k: [] for k in "".join(set(self.last[0]))} for c in self.last[0]: if c not in totals: totals[c] = 0 totals[c] += 1 for k in tallymatrix.keys(): if k != c and tallymatrix[k]: tallymatrix[k].append(tallymatrix[k][-1]) elif k == c: tallymatrix[k].append(totals[c]) else: tallymatrix[k].append(0) return tallymatrix, totals @property def first(self): ''' because first column is alphabetically sorted its enough to just to get start and end position for each character. ''' first = {} totc = 0 for c, count in sorted(self.occ[1].items()): first[c] = (totc, totc + count - 1) totc += count return first def lf(self, c, i): """ the i-th occurrence of character ‘c’ in last column is the same text character as the i-th occurrence of ‘c’ in the first column """ return self.first[c][0] + self.occ[0][c][i] - 1 @property def rebwt(self): i = 0 t = "$" while self.last[0][i] != "$": c = self.last[0][i] t = c + t i = self.lf(c, i) return t[:-1] def exact_match(self, read): low, high = self.last[0].find(read[-1]), self.last[0].rfind(read[-1]) i = len(read) - 1 while low <= high and i >= 0: low = self.lf(read[i], low - 1) + 1 high = self.lf(read[i], high) i -= 1 return low, high def inexact_search(self, read, z): self.calculate_diff(read) return self.inexact_match(read, len(read) - 1, z, 1, len(self.last[0]) - 1) def calculate_diff(self, read): ''' estimate the lower bound of allowed z for every character. ''' low = 1 high = len(self.last[0]) - 1 diffs = [] z = 0 for c in read: low = self.lf(c, low - 1) + 1 high = self.lf(c, high) if low > high: low = 1 high = len(self.last[0]) - 1 z += 1 diffs.append(z) self.diffs = diffs def inexact_match(self, read, i, z, low, high): ''' this function has two stop condition. either we run out of the allowed differences or we find a match. ''' if z < self.diffs[i]: return [] if i < 0: return [[low, high]] matches = [] matches.extend(self.inexact_match(read, i - 1, z - 1, low, high)) # insertion for c in set(self.last[0]): low_ = self.lf(c, low - 1) + 1 high_ = self.lf(c, high) if low <= high: matches.extend(self.inexact_match(read, i, z - 1, low_, high_)) # deletion if c == read[i]: matches.extend(self.inexact_match(read, i - 1, z, low_, high_)) # match else: matches.extend(self.inexact_match(read, i - 1, z - 1, low_, high_)) # mismatch return matches
2.7. Trying out with dummy data
2.7.1. Sequence generation
Lets generate our reference genome first.
We are going to use the same approach as we did in motif finding post.
We are going to create our reference sequence with length 1200 with same probability of .25 for all the bases.
We add $ character at the end to denote the end of the string which will be useful when we do the burrows wheeler below.
import random random.seed(0) alphabet = ['A', 'C', 'G', 'T'] seq_weights = [.25, .25, .25, .25] seq_length = 120 ref_seq = "".join( random.choices(population=alphabet, weights=seq_weights, k=seq_length) ) print(ref_seq)
TTCCGCTCCGTGCTGCTTTTCGTGCACGTTCTCTGAGCTGACTACTAGATTCACGTAGGGTGTGGCGCGCAAGGCATTTTTTGCGCTTTGTGCGTTTAGCGTAGAATCTAAGAGTGGAGG
2.7.2. Mutating the sequence
We want our reads to be different from our reference so, before sampling our samples we are going to create a mutated sequence first.
Here with the mutated function we decide if mutation occurs with the given percentage and if it does type of the mutation.
With the mutate_read function we either insert a single base, substitute a base or remove a base.
def mutated(mutation_rate): r = random.randint(1,100) if r <= mutation_rate: r = random.randint(1,100) if r <= 25: return 'del' elif 25 < r <= 50: return 'ins' else: return 'sub' else: return False def mutate(sequence, mutation_rate): mutated_seq = '' mutated_once = False for base in sequence: mutatition_type = mutated(mutation_rate) match mutatition_type: case 'del': pass case 'ins': possible_mutations = "".join(['A', 'T', 'C', 'G']) mutantion = random.choice(possible_mutations) mutated_seq += base mutated_seq += mutantion case 'sub': possible_mutations = "".join(['A', 'T', 'C', 'G']) possible_mutations = possible_mutations.replace(base, '') mutantion = random.choice(possible_mutations) mutated_seq += mutantion case _: mutated_seq += base return mutated_seq
After mutation with rate .5 we got our new mutated string some indels and substitutions.
mt_seq = mutate(ref_seq, 5) print(f"{ref_seq=}") print(f" {mt_seq=}")
ref_seq='TTCCGCTCCGTGCTGCTTTTCGTGCACGTTCTCTGAGCTGACTACTAGATTCACGTAGGGTGTGGCGCGCAAGGCATTTTTTGCGCTTTGTGCGTTTAGCGTAGAATCTAAGAGTGGAGG' mt_seq='TTCCGCTCCGTGCTGCTTTTCGTGCACGTTCTCTGAGCTGACTACTAATTCATGTAGGGTGTGGCGCGCAAGGCATTTTTTGCGCTTTGTGCGTTTGGCGTAGAACTAAGAGTGGAGG'
2.7.3. Getting the reads
Lets randomly sample 600 reads with length 6 from our mutated sequence.
number_of_reads = 600 read_length = 6 random_indices = [random.randrange(len(mt_seq) - read_length) for _ in range(number_of_reads)] mt_reads = [mt_seq[i:i + read_length] for i in random_indices] print(mt_reads[:20])
['AGAGTG', 'TCATGT', 'GCGTAG', 'GTAGGG', 'CTCCGT', 'TGAGCT', 'GCGCAA', 'GGCGCG', 'ATGTAG', 'TAGAAC', 'TAAGAG', 'TGACTA', 'TGGCGC', 'TAATTC', 'ATTTTT', 'GTTCTC', 'CGCGCA', 'TTTCGT', 'GCTGAC', 'TTTCGT']
We can now try to align our reads from the mutated_sequence back to the our reference.
Since BWA returns many matches we are just gonna get the most common one using the snippet here.
# Code from: https://stackoverflow.com/a/1520716/7141527 # Get the most common match import itertools import operator def most_common(L): # get an iterable of (item, iterable) pairs SL = sorted((x, i) for i, x in enumerate(L)) # print 'SL:', SL groups = itertools.groupby(SL, key=operator.itemgetter(0)) # auxiliary function to get "quality" for an item def _auxfun(g): item, iterable = g count = 0 min_index = len(L) for _, where in iterable: count += 1 min_index = min(min_index, where) # print 'item %r, count %r, minind %r' % (item, count, min_index) return count, -min_index # pick the highest-count/earliest item return max(groups, key=_auxfun)[0]
2.7.4. Performing the alignment
First lets initialize our BWA class with the ref_seq.
Then we are going to align our mutated reads and keep track of the most common matches.
Then we are going the get the initial_ind from bwa.last[1] using the low value.
bwa = BWA(ref_seq) alignment_indices = [] for mt_read in mt_reads: matches=bwa.inexact_search(mt_read, 2) if matches: # match = most_common(matches) match = matches[0] alignment_indices.append(bwa.last[1][match[0]]) else: alignment_indices.append(0) print(f"{ random_indices[:20]=}") print(f"{alignment_indices[:20]=}")
random_indices[20:]=[96, 12, 79, 102, 32, 68, 90, 103, 77, 18, 39, 12, 93, 9, 108, 87, 42, 60, 71, 12] alignment_indices[20:]=[57, 12, 80, 39, 32, 69, 98, 109, 78, 18, 39, 12, 79, 9, 110, 88, 42, 61, 72, 12]
2.7.5. Outputing to SAM
Lets output our alignmets as Sequence Alignment/Map (SAM) format. SAM has header lines starting with `@´ and 11 fields denoting various alignment properties. We are going to fill in just the QNAME, POS, TLEN and SEQ fields.
| Col | Field | Type | Regexp/Range | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | QNAME | String | [!-?A-~]{1,254} | Query template NAME |
| 2 | FLAG | Int | [0, \(2^{16}\) − 1] | bitwise FLAG |
| 3 | RNAME | String | \*|[:rname:*=][:rname:]* | Reference sequence NAME11 |
| 4 | POS | Int | [0, \(2^{31}\) − 1] | 1-based leftmost mapping POSition |
| 5 | MAPQ | Int | [0, \(2^{8}\) − 1] | MAPping Quality |
| 6 | CIGAR | String | \*|([0-9]+[MIDNSHPX=])+ | CIGAR string |
| 7 | RNEXT | String | \*|=|[:rname:*=][:rname:]* | Reference name of the mate/next read |
| 8 | PNEXT | Int | [0, \(2^{31}\) − 1] | Position of the mate/next read |
| 9 | TLEN | Int | [\(−2^{31} + 1, 2^{31} − 1\)] | observed Template LENgth |
| 10 | SEQ | String | \*|[A-Za-z=.]+ | segment SEQuence |
| 11 | QUAL | String | [!-~]+ | ASCII of Phred-scaled base QUALity+33 |
For header we are going to print a version number, reference sequence name and length. For our alignments we are going to create a name for them and sort them and print their alignment index with their sequence. Ideally, reads that haven’t aligned should be flagged with 0x4. However we are just gonna skip them. Another thing we are skipping over is the CIGAR entries which says where are the indels and mismatches we are just gonna write everything is matched.
sam_contents = "" sam_header = f"@HD\tVN:1.6\tSO:coordinate\n@SQ\tSN:REF\tLN:{len(ref_seq)}\n" sam_contents += sam_header mapped_reads = {i: read for i, read in sorted(zip(alignment_indices, mt_reads))} for i, read in mapped_reads.items(): # QNAME FLAG RNAME POS MAPQ CIGAR RNEXT PNEXT TLEN SEQ QUAL if i == 0: continue else: sam_contents += f"read{i}\t0\tREF\t{i+1}\t30\t6M\t*\t0\t{len(read)}\t{read}\t{'K'*len(read)}\n" print(sam_contents)
@HD VN:1.6 SO:coordinate @SQ SN:REF LN:120 read1 0 REF 2 30 6M * 0 6 TCCGCT KKKKKK read2 0 REF 3 30 6M * 0 6 CCGCTC KKKKKK read3 0 REF 4 30 6M * 0 6 CGCTCC KKKKKK read4 0 REF 5 30 6M * 0 6 GCTCCG KKKKKK read5 0 REF 6 30 6M * 0 6 CTCCGT KKKKKK read6 0 REF 7 30 6M * 0 6 TCCGTG KKKKKK read7 0 REF 8 30 6M * 0 6 CCGTGC KKKKKK read9 0 REF 10 30 6M * 0 6 GTGCTG KKKKKK read10 0 REF 11 30 6M * 0 6 TGCTTT KKKKKK read11 0 REF 12 30 6M * 0 6 GCTGCT KKKKKK read12 0 REF 13 30 6M * 0 6 CTGCTT KKKKKK read16 0 REF 17 30 6M * 0 6 TTTTTT KKKKKK read17 0 REF 18 30 6M * 0 6 TTTCGT KKKKKK read18 0 REF 19 30 6M * 0 6 TTCGTG KKKKKK read19 0 REF 20 30 6M * 0 6 TCGTGC KKKKKK read20 0 REF 21 30 6M * 0 6 CGTGCT KKKKKK read21 0 REF 22 30 6M * 0 6 GTGCAC KKKKKK read22 0 REF 23 30 6M * 0 6 TGCACG KKKKKK read23 0 REF 24 30 6M * 0 6 GCACGT KKKKKK read25 0 REF 26 30 6M * 0 6 ACGTTC KKKKKK read26 0 REF 27 30 6M * 0 6 CGTTCT KKKKKK read27 0 REF 28 30 6M * 0 6 GTTCTC KKKKKK read28 0 REF 29 30 6M * 0 6 TTCTCT KKKKKK read30 0 REF 31 30 6M * 0 6 CTCTGA KKKKKK read31 0 REF 32 30 6M * 0 6 TCTGAG KKKKKK read32 0 REF 33 30 6M * 0 6 CTGAGC KKKKKK read33 0 REF 34 30 6M * 0 6 TGAGCT KKKKKK read34 0 REF 35 30 6M * 0 6 GAGCTG KKKKKK read35 0 REF 36 30 6M * 0 6 AGCTGA KKKKKK read36 0 REF 37 30 6M * 0 6 GCTGAC KKKKKK read37 0 REF 38 30 6M * 0 6 CTGACT KKKKKK read38 0 REF 39 30 6M * 0 6 TGACTA KKKKKK read39 0 REF 40 30 6M * 0 6 GACTAC KKKKKK read40 0 REF 41 30 6M * 0 6 ACTACT KKKKKK read41 0 REF 42 30 6M * 0 6 CTACTA KKKKKK read42 0 REF 43 30 6M * 0 6 TACTAA KKKKKK read44 0 REF 45 30 6M * 0 6 CTAATT KKKKKK read48 0 REF 49 30 6M * 0 6 ATTCAT KKKKKK read51 0 REF 52 30 6M * 0 6 CATGTA KKKKKK read52 0 REF 53 30 6M * 0 6 AATTCA KKKKKK read54 0 REF 55 30 6M * 0 6 GTAGGG KKKKKK read55 0 REF 56 30 6M * 0 6 TAGGGT KKKKKK read56 0 REF 57 30 6M * 0 6 AGGGTG KKKKKK read57 0 REF 58 30 6M * 0 6 GGGTGT KKKKKK read58 0 REF 59 30 6M * 0 6 GGTGTG KKKKKK read59 0 REF 60 30 6M * 0 6 GTGTGG KKKKKK read60 0 REF 61 30 6M * 0 6 TGTGGC KKKKKK read61 0 REF 62 30 6M * 0 6 GTGGCG KKKKKK read62 0 REF 63 30 6M * 0 6 TGGCGT KKKKKK read63 0 REF 64 30 6M * 0 6 GGCGCG KKKKKK read64 0 REF 65 30 6M * 0 6 GCGCGC KKKKKK read65 0 REF 66 30 6M * 0 6 CGCGCA KKKKKK read66 0 REF 67 30 6M * 0 6 GCGCAA KKKKKK read67 0 REF 68 30 6M * 0 6 CGCAAG KKKKKK read68 0 REF 69 30 6M * 0 6 GCAAGG KKKKKK read69 0 REF 70 30 6M * 0 6 CAAGGC KKKKKK read70 0 REF 71 30 6M * 0 6 AAGGCA KKKKKK read71 0 REF 72 30 6M * 0 6 AGGCAT KKKKKK read72 0 REF 73 30 6M * 0 6 GGCATT KKKKKK read73 0 REF 74 30 6M * 0 6 GCATTT KKKKKK read74 0 REF 75 30 6M * 0 6 CATTTT KKKKKK read75 0 REF 76 30 6M * 0 6 ATTTTT KKKKKK read77 0 REF 78 30 6M * 0 6 TTTTTG KKKKKK read78 0 REF 79 30 6M * 0 6 TTTTGC KKKKKK read79 0 REF 80 30 6M * 0 6 TTTGGC KKKKKK read80 0 REF 81 30 6M * 0 6 TTGCGC KKKKKK read81 0 REF 82 30 6M * 0 6 TGCGCT KKKKKK read82 0 REF 83 30 6M * 0 6 GCGCTT KKKKKK read83 0 REF 84 30 6M * 0 6 CGCTTT KKKKKK read84 0 REF 85 30 6M * 0 6 GCTTTT KKKKKK read85 0 REF 86 30 6M * 0 6 CTTTTC KKKKKK read86 0 REF 87 30 6M * 0 6 TTTGTG KKKKKK read87 0 REF 88 30 6M * 0 6 TTGTGC KKKKKK read88 0 REF 89 30 6M * 0 6 TGTGCG KKKKKK read89 0 REF 90 30 6M * 0 6 GTGCGT KKKKKK read90 0 REF 91 30 6M * 0 6 TGCGTT KKKKKK read92 0 REF 93 30 6M * 0 6 CGTTTG KKKKKK read98 0 REF 99 30 6M * 0 6 GCGTTT KKKKKK read99 0 REF 100 30 6M * 0 6 CGTAGA KKKKKK read100 0 REF 101 30 6M * 0 6 GTAGAA KKKKKK read101 0 REF 102 30 6M * 0 6 TAGAAC KKKKKK read102 0 REF 103 30 6M * 0 6 AGAACT KKKKKK read107 0 REF 108 30 6M * 0 6 CTAAGA KKKKKK read108 0 REF 109 30 6M * 0 6 TAAGAG KKKKKK read109 0 REF 110 30 6M * 0 6 AAGAGT KKKKKK read110 0 REF 111 30 6M * 0 6 AGAGTG KKKKKK read111 0 REF 112 30 6M * 0 6 GAGTGG KKKKKK read112 0 REF 113 30 6M * 0 6 AGTGGA KKKKKK read113 0 REF 114 30 6M * 0 6 GTGGAG KKKKKK
Lets write our alignments to a file as well as our reference sequence.
with open('myalignments.sam', 'w') as f: f.write(sam_contents) with open('ref.fasta', 'w') as f: f.write('>REF\n') f.write(ref_seq)
2.7.6. Visualizing our alignments with IGV
With SAM and FASTA files we can visualize our alignmets with IGV. We can convert our SAM to BAM and index both BAM and FASTA files with samtools.
samtools view ./myalignments.sam -bh > ./myalignments.bam samtools index ./myalignments.bam samtools faidx ./ref.fasta
3. References
Li, Heng, and Richard Durbin. 2009. “Fast and Accurate Short Read Alignment with Burrows-Wheeler Transform.” Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 25 (14): 1754–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324.